Types of questions in the exam

In the exam you will need to be prepared to discuss the following in relation to your study of the music industry: 

The issues raised by media ownership:

The importance of cross media convergence and synergy in production distribution and marketing

The technologies that have been introduced  in recent years at the levels of production, distribution, marketing and exchange.

The significance of the proliferation of hardware and content for institutions and audiences.

The importance of technological convergence for institutions and audiences

The issues raised in the targeting of national and local audiences (specifically British) by international or global institutions.

The ways in which your own experiences of media consumption illustrate wider patterns of audience behaviour.

Vertical and Horizontal Integration

Vertical Integration is when the company has the ownership of production, distribution and exchange - the company is able to do everything itself. Therefore the company is able to gain all the profits. This is why a company like Sony has a lot of money because they are able do everything themselves compared to an independent company who don't have the money and pay to use facilities.

Horizontal Integration is when the company expands but instead of different areas it is the same area. For example music industries buying smaller industries. This allows the company to develop and expand the same area of the industry.  

Example Question: Peer assessed by Jordan

What significance does the continuing development of digital media technology have for media institutions and audiences?

Within this essay I will be explaining how the development of digital media technology has effected a conglomerate company i.e. Sony compared to an independent record company i.e. XL recordings.

New technologies are being introduced all the time and have a large impact on industries as big as the music industry. iTunes for an example are able to directly impact a company like Sony as it means when it comes to reaching the audience it means they can have more control over choosing what music they want to listen to. Sony are able to upload new albums onto iTunes quickly and effectively for the audience to then be able to consume the music. This can be seen when Beyonce released her self-titled album which was exclusive to iTunes; which had 80,000 sales within the first 3 hours and 430,000 in first 3 days. This was because it meant that due to convergence the audience could buy it and receive it instantly which then could be listened to via iPods, Laptops, games consoles etc. Therefore for a conglomerate company new technologies are useful for Distribution as means its an easy way to get music out to their audiences.

New technologies have a much bigger impact on independent companies as it means for the independent bands its a cheap and effective way to get their new music out into the world ready for consumption, where as years ago they would have to spend money they didn't have on making physical copies of CD's; iTunes means they can do it cheaply and so in the long run it means they can get a lot of recognition for their music. This differs to before hand as by them not having the money to make physical copies of CD's they may not have been able to get as many copies distributed where as now with the likes of iTunes or Sound Cloud the bands can distribute as many of their songs as they wish. Therefore the new technologies have a much bigger impact on the independent companies as opposed to a conglomerate company as they have the opportunity for a wider range of audiences to listen to their music to before where it was more of a niche market. 

Even though new media technologies like iTunes are helping the industry, companies still have to face the problem of illegal downloading which is damaging sales. It has been said that £250million pounds worth of illegal downloads take place each year, this is a large amount however it will effect the independent companies more so than the bigger companies. If the audiences are illegally downloading the independent bands songs then they aren't getting as much money back to be able to produce more songs as they wont be able to afford the costs of recordings studios etc. A conglomerate company like Sony has vertical integration and owns its own recording studio, stores, manufacturing plants therefore it won't cost them as much money - this means that it won't be as largely effected because as they own the facilities it doesn't cost them as much money therefore aren't losing out as much as the independent companies are. Also Sony makes up 30% of the music industry alone as they have branches of horizontal integration like owning EMI and SyCo. If they're going to be losing out of money due to illegal downloads they won't be able to fund all of their companies - meaning that music won't be able to be produced and distributed as often as it is. 

In terms of using media technologies to reach specific target audiences independent companies often use social networking sites as a marketing technique to get the audience to buy their songs. For example Adele (who was signed to XL Records) got discovered by her label by posting a demo on her MySpace page, this was then picked up on and she was then signed. Similarly when you go on Facebook on the side of the page it has links for suggestions to which you might be interested in, for example if you buy a pop album online from the cookies it could suggest other similar pop albums you may like - this is similar on YouTube as it suggests the videos which might be appealing to you from ones you have previously watched. For an independent band who aren't as well known this is useful as its a way of marketing, if their advert is placed on social networking sites they can receive a lot more recognition compared to years ago and a band had to do free concerts or busking to try raise awareness its a more efficient way to get seen. This is similar for an artist on a conglomerate label - they will still use social networking and the web 2.0 to promote their new album. Artists can go onto sites such as twitter to tweet to their fans, facebook to set up a page; this gets the album promoted out there. Therefore the use of technology to reach accurate specific audiences is very important as instead of reaching everyone it can be deterred to reach only the people who may like it therefore it has more of a chance, this will then lead to an increase of sales.

Audiences embrace the use of new media technologies by having the control to search and listen to the kind of music that they wish. On Spotify the audience can listen to as much music as they want for free, on iTunes they can buy the songs or albums which they like, similarly on Twitter/Facebook the band pages can be liked. The internet as a media technology enabled bands on both an independent label like XL recordings and a conglomerate label like Sony to get the promotion and sales that they need - though this is limited by illegal downloads. It means that the audience are able to be interactive with the bands to which it may get some independent bands more recognised for example with Adele with her first demo on MySpace getting so popular that she got signed which led to the release of her first album. With the audience it means that they have a lot more control over the success of the artist/band - therefore is very important.

In conclusion, the continuing development of media technology is an advantage as it means albums can be distributed cheaper and easily, audiences are able to consume it better from sites like iTunes, Spotify and YouTube. However it can be a disadvantage from illegal downloads damaging the sales and could lead to the decline of the industry. 

45/50 - For Better mark look at these and work on them

• A clear and developed argument, substantiated by detailed reference to case study material  - argue more 
• Clearly relevant to set question - link back to q more

Buffy The Vampire Slayer: Mise en Scene

Discuss the ways in which the extract constructs the representation of teenage/young people using the following:

(Mise en scene)

Setting:

• Around campus - late at night when there is werewolf attacks or when they are walking between classes
• Tables - when they are eating lunch they all sit around the table
• Dorm rooms - we see Oz's room between confrontation or we see willows room when she has had an argument with oz
• cage - when oz is trying to lock himself up
• Giles' house - buffy goes to see giles to ask him questions
• Dorm 
• Woods - when they are hunting the werewolves
• Lab - willow tries to make a potion and then the big fight scene
• laundry room - when oz and veruca come back to try to find clothes
• Xanders room - when willow goes to see him for advice

Costumes:

• Buffy wears: a dress for school but then at night she wears jeans and a leather jacket, she wears a bandana. Shows her character change how she can be sweet but then she has to be strong when she has to hunt or slay vampires.
• Willow: wears long sleeve t-shirts, usually with crazy patterns on, often wears jeans, has a bag as an accessory  - later on she has leather trousers on, she tries to change her look to look like Veruca. This shows her character change from being a weird character but then she tries to style her self more like veruca as she thinks its what her boyfriend wants
• Giles - wears glasses as he is a librarian and british, smart clothes - this shows that he is smart and who people can go to for information
• Oz - t shirts and jeans, casual clothing, at night when he becomes a werewolf he becomes naked - this shows he is quite calm and quiet with his casual clothing, he doesn't like to stand out but then when he is a werewolf he becomes loud and boisterous 
• Xander - casual clothing, glasses - shows he is laid back, he is just lazing around in his room which gives a stereotypical view of teenagers. 
• Veruca - sexy clothes - crop tops, vest tops - when she becomes a werewolf she loses all her clothing  - she likes to wear sexy clothing which can reveal more skin, she wears black as a primary colour which shows her to be the bad guy, she also wears a red top which makes her character look seductive and she wears this with a short grey skirt.
• Oz and Veruca have werewolf costumes are quite poor, they're very hairy and looks like he is in a costume - for the programme it makes it look like a low budget series.

Props:

• rifle - silver bullets to kill werewolves, uses tranquilliser for Oz
• books
• newspaper - checking for articles for attacks
• computer
• radio - when giles is talking to the radio
• potions - willow uses them to try make a spell for oz  
• stake - Buffy always has a stake to kill vampires

Make up:

• Buffy and Willow have minimalistic make-up, just casual lip gloss - looks quite natural looking which shows that they don't mind as much about their appearance 
• When Buffy becomes the vampire slayer she has more make up to make her look more serious i.e. eye make up but still its not that much
• Veruca in human form has black eye make up which makes her look a bit more sexy but also can make her look more evil. When she is in wolf form she has a lot of make up on the face to make her look hairy.
• The men don't really have much make up just to make the features on the face stand out
• Oz has make up when he turns in the werewolf to make it look a bit more realistic

camera shots:

• lots of wide shots to show some of the back ground but also the characters
• long shots to show the full costumes of the characters
• close ups of willows face when she finds out what oz and veruca have done whilst in the cage
• over the shoulder shots with conversations between oz and willow but also between buffy and giles
• 
  

positioning:

• Oz and WIllow spend a lot of time in close proximity i.e. when they are in bed together or hugging
• Oz and Veruca also are in close proximity when they lock each other in the cage
• When Buffy and the guy in the woods run into each other and drops her gun it is still in enough reach to grab quickly and run off again
• when Oz and Veruca are fighting they are close together as they are rolling around the floor trying to kill each other 
• Buffy and Oz are always a few metres away from each other, she distrusts him now he had betrayed willow

Lighting:

• All the shots are quite dark as this episode is based around the night, this is because of the full moon and the werewolves come out at night therefore it follows what they do
• It is also dark at the beginning when Buffy kills the vampire and spike is watching over her, this is because again it is late at night 
• In the dorm rooms it is bright as it is the day time and they are 

Doctor Who Clip

What does the soundtrack contribute to the sequence?

Through the use of digitally created sounds to give a futuristic feel to the sequence

How does the music create atmosphere?

In the background of the cafe it starts off quiet and mellow which shows that everything is calm, then it gets a tiny bit quicker when they meet to show the confrontation. The music gets more dramatic, in a minor key when they're running to see the dead girl - this gives a sense of danger and mystery. Then when they get chased away its very low key but a bit slower which gives dark atmosphere, like they aren't wanted there. The pace of the music is used to signify what is happening, it contributes to the feel of the scene received by the audience. 

What sound effect are evident?

Tardis - landing 

Accents are used to show the class of the people i.e. the waitresses are lower class

Accordion in the background - relates back to an older time period, european feel

Background chatting

Clinking of glasses

Candles burning

Small talk between characters 

Barking dogs when the tardis lands - gives disrupted feel

Horse neigh - shows the time period

Church bell when the murder is announced which signifies that it is late at night i.e. the strike of midnight

How does the sound signify the mood and/or genre of the                   television drama? 

The sounds make it feel like sci fi from the futuristic sounds i.e. the theme song and the noise of the tardis, we also know its historic from travelling back in time from the sounds like the horse, the accordion - things that we associate with a past time. By changing the pace of the music they can create different feels i.e. by speeding it up its more dramatic and by slowing it down makes it feel calmer - by using digitally created sounds it feels futuristic. 

Eastenders: Sounds We Can Hear

• Theme song
• Footsteps
• High heels
• cars driving by
• brakes of car - pulling up
• chatting in background
• woman's voice - cockney
• male voice - Jamaican - loud - 
• male voice - younger
• woman's voice - sympathy
• background noise
• shouting - two women, high pitched
• male voice - mellow, 
• woman's voice - croaky, old
• male voice - younger, whispering
• closing door, slamming door
• male voice - teen, chav
• woman's voice - middle aged, 
• sigh 

Police Interrogation Scene - Editing

In this clip of a police interview from CSI NY, they have used a crosscut edit. This is where the action is cut to show another piece happening at the same time or showing a flashback. Here it shows a flashback to when he found the victim and the money - this is effective as it shows the viewer what he sees when he is saying it. An insight to the character and what is going on in his head whilst he is trying to explain what happened. 

There are quite a few cuts in this clip; this is where the camera shot moves from one shot instantly to another. Here that is evident when they show the bag containing the money in it and the next shot is showing Mac asking what happened. This is effective as it enables the viewers to understand what is going on within the interview as they can see what Mac is talking about.

This scene uses a shot reverse shot edit which cuts to the view of the opposite direction, here its used as part of the dialogue. It shows Mac talking to the suspect - one speaker to the next- before this there was a master shot showing the position of the characters (Mac standing and the suspect sitting). In this interview it shows the suspect looking at Mac, then shows Mac as he talks back to the suspect. This is effective as it makes it more realistic to the audience, it makes it feel like a real conversation between the two characters. There is an eye-line match here as the suspect looks up at Mac we then follow to where he is looking and his view of Mac talking to him. 

Editing Terms

How is the setting or theme of the television drama represented? ER

Generally in TV drama and medical dramas the setting and themes are established - It tells the audience straight away that it is in the hospital and is very fast pace by the use of props and costumes. However medical drama openings differ in the US to the UK as in the US the characters are shown where as in the UK they avoid this.

The setting is presented in the opening of ER as it is shown different places around the hospitals i.e. wards, corridors, reception, operating table etc. It shows the doctors running down the halls which shows the setting as being very busy and this then establishes the fact that it is based in a hospital. In the sequence the words emergency room flash up on screen which then tells the audience that it is set within that section of the hospital, the fast paced scenes represent how fast paced the ER works. The fact that x-rays, operations are shown in the opening sequence shows that it is in a hospital as it what some of the doctors have to do.

The mise en scene from the title sequence suggests that hospitals are busy, fast paced and hard working. The doctors costumes include the white coats and the stethoscopes around their neck and a clipboard in their hand, the surgeons are seen in their scrubs, the nurse is in pink scrubs - this makes it feel like a real hospital as if we were to visit a hospital this is what we would expect see. The characters are shown in what kind a personality they have i.e. George Clooney is seen as very serious, hardworking, busy where as one of the female doctors are seen as calm, smiling, friendly. From the facial expressions we can establish the type of doctors who are around the hospital, you can see the moods of them in their role. The use of costumes and props establishes the boundaries between the types of doctors and their roles in which they play. The setting is in the ER room but we also see the operating table, corridors which the doctors are seen running down, the reception, therefore all areas which we would expect to see within a medical drama. The lighting is very bright which shows that it is a hospital as they need to be able to see what they are doing and where they are going, it shows that its a pristine place. It all adds to being more believable. The make up of the characters are natural as they don't need to be seen as pretty as they're trying to save peoples lives, the hair is either tied up or if its short enough its let down for the women, the mens hair are very short.

The main medical drama themes include illness, death, problems, promotions, surgery. This is represented by the doctors running down the hall, being in surgery, taking x-rays, attending to the patients etc within the opening sequence therefore it suggests the kind of things that the audience would expect to see within ER. The audience would expect to see unusual things happening or unusual surgery's which they wouldn't see in day to day life.

The edits of the opening to ER is very fast and involves a lot of cuts, some of the scenes merge with other but mostly are cuts - The cuts can show how frantic the ER can get. It is very fast which represents how the doctors have to work in the hospital but this also fits in with the music used. The music sounds like the beeping of a heart monitor but sped up, it is a very upbeat tune which adds to the effect that they're trying to give to the audience of being busy. Therefore by adding this type of song to accompany the cuts this enhances both the theme and the setting.

How is the setting or theme of the television drama represented? Emmerdale

The opening sequence of a TV drama is usually used to show setting and themes; within a soap opera the themes are based on love/hate, it gives a serious feel, it makes us understand that there is going to be a lot of drama in the episode. 

The setting represents where the show takes place i.e. the Eastenders opening shows the River Thames which is in the City of London therefore we associate Eastenders with city life. It represents the key locations and tells the audience the location for example in the Emmerdale opening it shows a small village in Yorkshire, from this it suggests that its a close knit community where everyone is friends. It shows a few different houses and local community locations. The houses show the types of people that live within the community i.e. the small cottage shows its quite cramped and small therefore maybe an older couple live there. Compared to the big, open house which is shown which is very clean which suggests that the family who live there have more money and maybe a better job for example a company owner. We see the pub which is a central location for Emmerdale, it shows the community eating and drinking which suggests that it is a popular place. You don't see any main characters in Emmerdale only the feet or legs, maybe a silhouette of the figure this is so they don't have to change it when the character is killed off. In the bigger house the legs are seen running up the stairs with the clothes discarded on the floor which suggests drama is to unfold.

From the Emmerdale setting it shows that Yorkshire is a picturesque place i.e. beautiful mountains, quiet woods - We see it to be quite peaceful and tranquil in the countryside. It gives the idea that its a small community who are close and know everyone however the scenes in the opening can contrast this for example the couple running up the stairs shows it to be a secretive community.

The typical soap themes include affairs, murder, deceit, love, hate, friendships, backstabbing, things that happen in public places etc. Usually a couple are explored within one episode as a multi stranded narrative. In Emmerdale this would be different as its a countryside location rather than a city location like Eastenders, it would be on a lower key. Some of the story-lines would centre around farm life contrasting the city life story-lines. If some people fell out who were in the smaller community it would have a much bigger scale as it would affect everyone as they would know them in some way.

The audience would expect to find out the private lives of the characters from the shots of the different houses however they would also expect to see the drama unfold from the people running up the stairs, they would expect them to be found out. Also they would expect to see drama take place within the local community places i.e. the pub or the shop.

TV Drama Shot Types

Semiotics

Camera Shots

The Bridge

Bristol Hill: My TV Drama

For my title sequence the show introduces a fictional text, the show is set in Bristol but the events that happen are fictional - the name Bristol Hill is a fictional name to represent the area in which the events take place. The Tone I aimed for was light-hearted, fun and upbeat as I wanted it to appeal to teenagers therefore it needed to catch their attention rather than if it was a serious tone. The function of the text is to entertain the audience instead of overload them with information, it will have a few on screen titles but it won't be over the top, it will just be enough to keep the viewer entertained by looking at the shots of Bristol;Specifically to the audience in Bristol it will represent some familiarity.

The audience I aimed to address were teenagers ages between 15-19 therefore I aimed to make it more entertaining, in the scenes within the opening titles it will show some things that the teenagers will have done i.e. shop, hang around at the shop etc. Therefore from this they can relate to the chracters in the show without actually seeing any of the events featured in that episode. I think it would appeal more to people in the south west as that is where the show is based compared to attracting an audience from the north east. I think it will appeal to more women than men as typically more women watch more TV drama's however this show will have a few events which will cater to the male attention and so it could have a good male following to accompany the female base.

The sequence is made up of live action shots of the scenes, i.e. people throwing a ball or shopping which will capture the everyday life therefore will get more attention as opposed to being seen an animation as it wont be as relatable or might not grab the attention. The title sequence will have been editied so it is quite fast moving and wont last very long as otherwise people may start to lose interest if it lasts a long time, the fast moving scenes will ensure that the audience stay around to watch.


The title sequence will last around 30-40 seconds as I don't want it to be too long also there will be a clear division to when the sequence ends and the text starts because I don't want the viewers to feel like it moves too fast and they may have missed something.

The opening sequence links to the program as it shows the establishing shots to where the show takes place i.e some scenes from the show may happen in the shots in the sequence - This is due to the fact the show is based in and around bristol. The iconography will be things related to the image of teenagers i.e. fun, carefree, shopping etc - Therefore in relation to the text it will represent some of the teenagers and their lifestyles.

The music to ensure this will be more like neighbours or hollyoaks than it will be eatenders or corrie, this is due to the fact I want to attract a younger audience therefore the music being upbeat will ensure that it reflects the kind of music the audience will listen to i.e. pop. Some sound effects could be added in like the sound of the train, or chatter at the park just to make it seem realistic compared to the music just silencing everything else.










It can relate to other TV Dramas like hollyoaks, waterloo road and neighbours. This is because they're all shows based on teenagers and young people and attract a similar audience, they have similar music i.e. upbeat, happy, fast like the one mine will have. Also in the titles is shows some of the scenes in which the show is set but also they move quite fast paced in a bid to keep the attention of the audience.

Corrie Soap Opera Conventions

Storyline or Plot (Narrative) Look for the multi-strand narrative, open narrative and closed narratives (Some narratives may come to an end).	Peter and Tina having an affair hiding it from all of their friends cover up stories, back tracking. Roy is missing so fizz and Tyrone try to track hem down. Dennis and Rita fighting so Gloria is trying to worm her way in, he goes crawling back to Rita but she isn’t having any of it. Todd is trying to come between Marcus and Maria, because he wants Marcus all to himself. Using sympathy to get on Maria good side. Deirdre is trimming a dress for Tracy.
Characters Quick description of the range of characters e.g. male/female, age, job, position at work.	Tina-Female-early 20’s-works as barmaid-the feisty young woman. Gloria-Female-Mid 70’s- works in Bistro. Peter-Male-mid to late 30’s-works as manager in factory- represented as being the jack the lad figure as has been married a lot of times and cheats on all the women he’s in relationship with. Chesney-Male-late teens to early 20’s-works as manager in Kebab shop. Dennis-Male-mid to late 70’s-Music manager. Maria-Female-late 20’s-works as hairdresser-young couple as in a relationship with Marcus and has their problem of trying to find a house and the problem of Marcus falling for Todd. Todd-male-early to mid 20’s-unemployed. Rita-Female-early 80’s- owner of and works in corner shops- the grandparent figure. Steve-Male-early 30’s-owns pub and works in there. Simon-male-9/10-school boy. Tracey-Female-early 30’s-owns electronic shop and works in there. Tyrone-male-early 30’s-works as mechanic in garage. Michelle-Female-early 30’s-owns pub and works as barmaid in there. Tony-early 40’s- Carla- female-late 20’s/early 30’s- owner of the factory- represented as being the strong woman.
Length of scenes Roughly how long is each scene?	1:25 minute –Tina 1:30 minutes - in café 2 minutes – musician 1:30 minutes – in café 30 seconds – Tina 1 minute – bistro 1 minute – rovers 20 seconds – street 1:20 minutes – rovers 1:30 minutes – Barlow’s house 45 seconds – street Tina 30 seconds – looking for Roy 1:15 minutes – rovers 1:25 minutes – Barlow’s 35 seconds - out looking 1:45 minutes – Barlow dinner 1:45 minutes - bistro 1:30 minutes- bistro meal 1:05 minutes- fiz Nothing above 2 minutes Nothing less than 20 seconds
Setting Where does each scene take place?	11. Street 12. Canal 13. Rovers 14. Deidre’s House 15. Canal 16. Peters House 17. Bistro 18. Fizz’s House 19. Credits 1. Peters House                    2. Roy’s Cafe 3. Bistro 4. Roy’s Cafe 5. Peters House 6. Bistro 7. Rovers 8. Street 9. Rovers 10. Deidre’s House
Theme What central themes are being explored? Love, conflict, secrets, skeletons in the cupboard.	Love and Deception and Secrets between Peter and Tina Sadness, ,misery, upset, ,missing between Fizz, Chesney and Tyrone. Because they are missing Roy. Conflict and Sarcasm between Rita and old lady Lies and secrets between Carla and Peter Love between Todd and Marcus
Verisimilitude Explain elements that make the programme feel realistic.	Costumes the same as real police officers, sounds of cars passing on the street, sets for the outside of the houses look like real houses o a street, sounds of the plastic bags over exaggerated
Costumes This links to characters. How can you tell the position of the characters from their costumes?	Tina- Naked opening scene, sexy/feminine female character. Clothes- small vest top Rita- patterned blazer, pearls- sophisticated and well respected character Maria- Floral dress, long curly hair- pretty and innocent girl on the street- middle class Dennis- shirt, trousers, big coat- dapper, smart, old fashioned

The Cops

In TV drama The Cops it uses the Stedicam/Handheld camera shots as it makes the audience feel as if they are part of the drama themselves - as if they are there with the cops following along with them what they do. However it can seem a bit jumpy or some of the shots are shaky though you could argue that it adds to the effect the audience gets from this i.e. more lifelike.

In what ways does your chosen industry fail to cater for its audience? - Shelby and Matt

The music industry can be seen to fail its audience in multiple ways, in this essay we will discuss how.

Music stores both physical and digital put up the prices of the Cd's by twice the amount it actually cost to make. Production wise when a CD would cost £0.50 to make shops would sell it for around £10 - this is to gain the music industry money. Along with this compared to the 80's, there aren't many shops left that sell physical copies of CD's also its harder to be able to buy singles in stores instead it tends to be the top albums and a few others. To buy a single you'd have to go online which would cost around 99p on Itunes and due to this shops such as zavvi have shut down because they aren't getting the sales anymore. 

The industry tells artists to make music the industry want them to make instead of the music that the audience wants to hear - this way they get money. This can be seen with One Direction with Simon Cowell telling them to produce pop as it sells to teens where as when the Beatles were around they were making and writing the music that they sold as it was the music they loved and wanted to distribute and perform. Similarly industries get the artists to make too many songs which actually fit on the album which then leads to cramming 12/13 songs onto the album when really only 3 or 4 are actually any good. 

Industries manufacture bands with people look the part to 'sell music' when really all they want out of them is the money and use them as a marketing technique for the company - reception wise boybands rack up a massive fan base because of the teenage girls who fall in love with the members. This leads to the fanbase consuming their music in as many ways as they can. This fails this audience as it means that they don't get the music that maybe the want to listen to because the industries will only sign artists who they know will make money instead of artists that are talented - not as many genres are given the time of day. 

You can apply the hypodermic needle theory to this as shows like the x factor producers injects the audience with the music that they want to sell to get into the charts, it brainwashes them into buying only this type of music compared to the music they want. They get shown the same music over and over so they only know one type of music. 

* Included theories that were linked in carefully

* Includes Statistics

UMG Case Study

Universal Music Group from shelbert96

This is my case study on Universal Music Group - one of the big 4 music companies.

Copyright

• Copyright allows authors, musicians, artists, etc...to make money off of their work, it means that other people cant take their work for free or alter the work without their permission  
• 1706: Statute of Anne :first copyright act, establishes the right of authors to control what happens to their works
• Works published before 1978 and after 1923 are protected for 95 years
• Anything made after 1978 lasts for life plus 70 years
• A copyright lasts for  95 years (120 if not published) for corporate authors after publication for anything after 1978
• Music and sound recordings last 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which it was published 

Things that could be copyrighted

• Books
• films
• songs
• albums
• slogans
• logos
• company names
• CD's
• games
• art
• product names
• catchphrases
• fictional names
• Drama
• architectural works
• choreographic work